Properties of Water for Organism Survival

Properties of Water for Organism Survival NDUI PRISCILLAH Discuss the assertion that water has several unique properties that make it vital not only for human beings, but for all living organisms to survive. Introduction Water is a very important aspect of all living organisms’ plants and animals alike. What makes it so useful and relevant to survival are its unique properties which relate to its functions and hence its relevance to living things as discussed below. Water is a dipolar molecule Water is a normal oxide of hydrogen consisting of two hydrogen molecules covalently bonded to one oxygen molecule. The water molecule is not linear and the oxygen atom has higher electro negativity than the hydrogen atoms. The atoms of oxygen carry a slightly negative charge whereas, the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive, this gives the water molecule its dipole movement (en.wikipedia.org). Hence, the water molecule can form up to four bonds with it self and other molecules. This property gives water most of its properties. Water is a Universal solvent A solvent is a liquid which dissolves other substances. Because of its ability to form four bond with other molecules (dipole), no other chemically inert solvent is able to dissolve a variety of materials as water nor the amount of them it can hold in solution (Edward J.K 1996). Water is able to dissolve a variety of substances solids, liquids and gases alike. (Edward, 1999) adds on to say â€Å"water is the best solvent and provides a medium for the movement of molecules within and outside the cell.† hence water is important in both plants and animals in that it aids movement of materials through diffusion as salts, sugars acids, alkalis and gases such as carbon dioxide (carbonation) and oxygen dissolve in it and can be transported in the organism as a transport medium as in blood, lymphatic and excretory system, the alimentary canal and xylem and phloem (Taylor D.J 1984). Water is wet Because of its molecules forming hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules, water makes things wet. This is due to its cohesive and adhesive properties (Dr. Jain VK, 1974). Cohesion is the attraction between like molecules in this case water while adhesion is the attraction of molecules of different substances. This gives water high capillary forces, that is the tendency of water to move up a narrow tube against the concentration gradient. This is a very important property to vascular plants such as trees as it enables water to move along very narrow spaces such as during transpiration which help control the temperature of a plant. Its cohesion property is also relevant in cells and in translocation of water through xylem in plants. This is also vital in the rising or moving up of sap in plants. Surface tension The cohesive property of water brings about surface tension. Besides mercury, water has the greatest tendency to cohere causing its surface to contract to the smallest possible areas as a result of the hydrogen bonds (Edward J.K, 1996), because of this many small organisms are able to settle on water or skate over its surface, thus providing them a habitat, for example the water striders. It also aids reproduction by way of seed dispersal, garmetes and larval stages of aquatic organisms. Water has a high specific heat capacity The specific heat capacity of water is the amount of heat required to raise one (1) gram of water from O0C to 10C. Compared to other liquids a considerably high amount of energy is required to change the temperature of water (Edward J.K, 1996). This property is also due to the numerous hydrogen bonds between water molecules. This is very vital to both humans and plants as it helps in moderating the earth’s climate by buffering large fluctuations in temperature. It also protects the plants from very harmful temperature fluctuations. High specific heat capacity of water is also vital to marine and fresh bodies of water to help maintain a constant temperature over longer period of time and to be stable over short periods of time. Latent heat of vaporization Vaporization or evaporation is the change of state from liquid to gas. The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to convert a liquid into gas (Vapour) at constant temperature (Dr V.K Jain, 1974). Water has the highest latent heat of vapourisation of all common substances which is about 44 Kj/Mol at 250C. The high latent heat of vaporization of water enables the plants to cool themselves by giving out heat through transpiration. It is also a major factor in the transfer of heat between the ocean and the atmosphere, thereby driving the weather climate. Beside these, animals also use this property in cooling by the sweating and panting in mammals. That is, the opening of the mouth by some reptile’s e.g crocodiles in sunshine and mammals like dogs. Latent heat of fusion Latent heat of fusion is the heat required to convert a unit of mass of a solid to liquid at the same temperature. To melt 1gram of ice at 00C, 80cal. (335J) of energy is needed which is very high and caused by the presence of hydrogen bonds. This means water must loose a relatively huge amount of heat energy to freeze. This helps protect the contents of the cells not to be damaged as their environments are less likely to freeze. Water expansion and density One of the unique properties of water is that, it reaches its maximum density at 40C and diminishes above and below that temperature. It has a tendency to expand as it freezes and its density is decreased (Dr. Jain V.K, 1974), hence ice has a lower density than water and floats on top of oceans, lakes and rivers. It forms at the surface first and last at the bottom, this provides insulation of the water below it and increase the chances of survival for acquatic organisms especially in cold climates and during cold seasons. Penetration of light Water which has no suspended particles is transparent in the visible electro magnetic spectrum. This implies relatively great amounts of infrared and ultra-violet rays can penetrate through it. This enables acquatic plants to survive as they are able to carry out photosynthesis. It can therefore be deducted that water indeed has several unique properties related to its importance to all living organism without which most of these might become extinct. Besides these water provides a habitat for millions of living organisms and is also vital in sanitation for human beings helping to prevent the spread of infections such as viruses, protozoa and worms. Hence, water is a very vital aspect without which life might not exist. BIBLIOGRAPHY Edward J.K (1996), Concepts of Ecology; fourth edition. Pearson Education. New Jersey. en. Wikipedia.org/wiki/water Dr. Jain V.K (1974), fundamentals of Plant Physiology; S. Chand and Company Ltd. New Dhehi Taylor D.J et al (1984), Biological Science 1 2, Cambridge University Press. New York.

Praise of the Scribe

Praise of the Scribe’s Profession Written by Cynthia Washington, Student And U. S. , Africa and World History 201, Section 1 Tuesdays and Thursdays 9:25-10:40 September 6, 2012 From what the reader know, and what historians know Egypt is one of the greatest civilizations to ever emerge in this world. A society ruled by divine kingship, and belief in polytheism. It was not because of what the Egyptians did but more so of what was left behind for other readers and educators to see. Considering the fact that the Egyptians established a very unique language and writing system also called hieroglyphics, the Egyptians had to establish a private society due to the fact that no other person was higher than the Scribes, who were the intellectuals of ancient Egypt. While reading a few selections from Praise of the Scribe’s Profession, the reader was highly intrigued and established that firstly, the Scribes’ profession was strictly part of the professional class, secondly, well respected amongst the Egyptian society and lastly, the Scribes recorded history. Ancient Egyptians major accomplishment was the art of learning. Being able to read and write was a huge advancement in the world made by the Egyptians which is why the Scribes were held so high in class. Many Egyptians felt the need to actually praise the profession of the scribe which the reader found very interesting because the writer uses many persuasive and attention grasping sayings and ideas. The writer believes that the Scribe is who every person should befriend and respect because he who writes is more pleasing than anything else including ointment, clothing, and other necessities. Not only does the reader completely understand why the Ancient Egyptians held such a high standard and respect for the Scribes intellect but also realizes why now in today’s society why many educators respect the Ancient Egypt history and architectural skills. As the reader continues on with the selections from Praise of the Scribe’s Profession, she also realizes the respect that Egyptians have for the Scribes. There was definitely a part that stood out to the reader in the selection on the advice to give the unwilling pupil. The writer pointed out that the Egyptians truly honored and respected writing so much that it was believed to be more enjoyable than a mother’s giving birth. The reader was stunned after reading that piece of the writing because a mother giving birth is by far one of the greatest acknowledgments and truly respected now in the today’s world and is presented in everyday lives of many as well as in the media. Writing in the reader’s society is respected but not held with as much pride and respect as back when the Ancient Egyptians was sharing the craft of learning. While the reader further her knowledge on the Scribes she comes to be very interested in the way others was described as being worthless due to the lack of interest in its craft. The reader came across some insightful things the royal scribe had once said and she also realized the respect that was expected from others. In other words all occupations are bad except that of the scribe. It is quite believable that most of all the readers that know about ancient Egypt are from what the scribes wrote themselves. Which is why being a scribe meant that the Egyptian men were truly respected amongst the Egyptian society and were part of the professional class as well. Lastly, the scribes have definitely recorded history with their crafts. The Egyptians valued their scribes, as well as what the Egyptian men have written down. The reader believes that if Egypt did not discover the education system that it had, which the writer talks about in the passages that there would be no history. Historians would not know as much as many of those do now. From the scribes being able to read and write, and writing down every aspect of the life of living in Ancient Egypt, historians and readers are able to discover a great deal of history and interesting stories that was once told. The reader is amazed at entirely everything the she read and gained from the Praise of the Scribe’s Profession selections. Love writing, shun dancing then you become a worthy official really stuck with the reader throughout the selection. Scribes definitely made a major impact on today’s history and education. The Egyptians became great from the architecture and building of pyramids and temples, but mostly the development of the scribes. Egyptians have successfully prospered in the world from the bottom up in today’s learning and society also. The Egyptian scribes have influenced society during ancient times and now. From the material the reader has read about the Egyptian scribes, the men were very hard workers and highly dedicated towards the work that was presented. The reader came to a conclusion that the Egyptians, mainly the scribes have discovered new things that had not been discovered before such as the art of writing, mathematics, and many more. The reader is also very pleased with the selections from Praise of the Scribe’s Profession that was assigned. She can definitely agree that the Egyptians were idolized because of their distinct unique culture and discoveries that has enriched plenty of lives. This assignment did not only teach the reader about Scribes and Egyptians but it enlightened her with facts and a different respect for Egyptians and all of the hard work that was put into the art and craft of learning. Happy is the heart of him who writes, he is young each day is a great saying and the reader believes now in today’s world not only him who writes but her as well to be in a professional class, well respected, and to record as well as make history.

Low Inflation Rate Of Australia

Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of commodities. Inflation is a major economic issue in Australia, and is one which requires stable management for durable and long-term improvements. Low inflation and steady economic growth; have emerged as outstanding economic achievements this decade. Along with unemployment, economic growth and external viability; inflation acts a major economic indicator, illustrating the strength and stability of our economy. It is for this reason that inflation management has played such a great role in domestic economic policy over the last decade. Inflation at present is the focal point of the Australian economy. Inflation is at an unprecedented low, which has acted to keep the Australian economy competitive. Economic policy in Australia has acted to keep inflation low, which has been a traditional problem for decades. At present Australia's, underlying inflation rate is less than 1. 3%, which has opened up a stronger, more competitive export market. With such a pleasing outcome for inflation, Australia can reap the rewards through lower interest rates as well as economic growth, and job increases. Low inflation does more than simply slow price increases; it acts as an expansionary booster to the economy and a stimulus for other economic objectives. In recent times, low inflation levels have characterised the Australian economy. The underlying inflation rate was only 1. 1% to June 1999, and this has meant further stability of prices and continued growth. This result has come on the back of Australia's â€Å"Inflation Target†, set by the Reserve Bank (RBA) in 1993. This has acted as a guide to spending and domestic monetary policy, over the course of the economic cycle. The RBA has set an underlying inflation target of 2-3% per year, and this has contributed to our steady inflation performance. In the late 1990s, Australia has operated at the lower level of this target, and this has pleased the government and the RBA through their initiative. Inflation figures of fewer than 2% annually are testament to this. Recent trends have given Australia one of lowest underlying inflation rates in the OECD group, which includes many highly industrialised nations. Over this century Australia, has seen both high and low inflation. In the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s we experienced periods like today. Yet we faced high levels in the 1970s and 1980s. These were due to the great peaks and falls in the economic cycle, brought on by recessions and boom periods. The Australian economy has developed by adapting to changes in the economic cycle, and flattening out the large â€Å"bumps†. Causes of inflation are varied in both their diversity and severity. They include excess demand, where high aggregate demand for commodities forces prices upwards. There is also cost-push inflation, where an increase in the cost of production promotes an increase in the price of goods for consumers. Inflation can also be brought about through inflationary expectations, hence the quote â€Å"Inflation breeds inflation†, as well as currency depreciation, which also damages exports. The numerous causes of inflation give testament to the fact that it is a difficult problem to combat. Increased levels of inflation also cause many changes in the economy. There are essentially three main negative aspects of high inflation. It acts by reallocating resources in the economy, usually by encouraging speculative investment. It also causes redistribution of wealth from those who hold cash funds, as opposed to property or capital. Thirdly, it causes decreased levels of international competitiveness. Conversely, there are many positive aspects of low inflation. Australia has gained through lower interest rates, high but steady economic growth and the promise of job creation in the future. Low inflation has bred a more confident economy, one which is wiser for the adversity it has faced through recessions of the past. Low inflation creates a more externally viable economy, and allows competitive export growth. Australia's current low level of inflation can be attributed to an array of factors. These have included the lagging effects of the recession earlier this decade, as well as the implementation of a number of recent economic policies. Current low levels of inflation are the product, of three main policy initiatives. First and foremost, Monetary policy has helped our inflation by keeping spending in check. Through interest rates, and the adoption of an inflation target, the RBA has been able to artificially control the level of economic activity in Australia. Monetary policy has been a favoured government option, and it has proven a success. Secondly, micro-economic reform has played a major role in keeping inflation low. It is essentially based on efficiency and productivity in the Australian industries, where it has aimed to help firms lower costs, thereby creating a stable economy based upon strong and efficient production, healthy exports and generally more economically sound industries. This decade it has included moves for a national competition policy, deregulation of industries as well as general moves for efficiency. Fiscal policy is the third policy option. It surrounds government spending and taxation initiatives. In recent times it has acted in a contractionary manner, including budget surpluses and the repayment of foreign debt, which have allowed for more expansionary monetary policy. Some feel that currency policies aren't doing all they could. While drives for efficiency are a step in the right direction, it is clear that monetary policy could be eased to benefit other economic objectives. Being below the RBA target for inflation should allow Australia to lower interest rates. These could help economic growth and achieve greater job expansion. This could easily be achieved if the government would diversify its one-eyed monetary policy. The coalition must begin to realise that low inflation is coming at the expense of other, equally important economic objectives. While tight fiscal policy may be paying off foreign debt, we are still faced with high unemployment and unfavorable CAD terms. It is clear that while inflation is at a low level now, we must turn more attention to other pressing economic objectives. Inflation is a major economic management issue, and is one which requires great vigilance and perseverance for durable improvements. Though through the efforts of the RBA and the current government, inflation has fell to an unprecedented low, via much agony and policy deliberation. At present inflation has been brought back to earth through monetary and micro-economic policy essentially. Yet the pressing issue is not how far we can go with inflation, but how much can it's current level benefit our other major management issues.

Comparisons Of UK Property And Stock Market Invesments - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1026 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Dissertation part A ABSTRACT: generally, there are various methods of investment in financial market as well as investment in other segments. Most of the times those investments will be eternalized by finance industry employees. In some methods the financial market and asset are not clear and shareholders are confused, but in other types of investment people should transfer large amount of money to the experts because they know how to make more considerable returns of the capital. Argument that investment in UK properties has more returns compare to investment in UK stock market, has been existed constantly, but historically, during the past years returns of direct investing in properties have been higher than stock market. There are two investment ways in properties. First one is investing directly in properties and second one is investing in property company shares. The reason of different decision about investment in properties market or stock market will be mentioned below. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparisons Of UK Property And Stock Market Invesments" essay for you Create order Increasing in value of the stock price and dividend expectation are the most important reasons that investment in UK stock market is considered better investment than UK properties market. Whereas, investing in properties in UK can be divided into three period of time. In short term, an investment property can make satisfactory benefit to pay off mortgage or maintenance. In the medium term, the property could cover any retirement income , and in the long term it is able to provide a nice acceptable home in reasonable standard of living.according to these all advantages, it is not amazing that so many people are choosing to purchase a UK investment.But financial reasons of investing in properties market are: a dependable and growing flow of income, mortgage pay off (amortization), value creation (property improvement), instant gain(bargain purchase price), government benefits (tax credits, tax deductions, rent vouchers, etc.), strategic management, value increases (appreciation) and i nflation (Andrew James McLean, Gary W. Eldred, 2005). However, according to IPD indices annual total returns to end of 2009, grow of returns of investment in UK properties has not been considerable, but, land price in UK has been increased by almost 92% in the last 20 years. So investment in UK land has proved to be highly rewarding as returns on investment in land have outperformed the returns from stock marke Untitled.jpg https://www.ipd.com/OurProducts/Indices/tabid/400/Default.aspx Basically, Target of this research is to determine the point of the UK property investments and the UK stock investments as well, illustrate the factors that are used for financial management of both kind of investment options and also analyse the factor in order to identify why the property investment has been known as better returns compare to the stock markets. Therefore, objectives of this research can be classified as below; Identify the reasons that return on UK property investments is higher than those on UK stock investment? When UK property investments do make more returns than UK stock investments? Can stocks investments be better than property investments? If yes, why, how and when? What kind of properties investments (commercial or residential) is better investment in stock? CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW As long as someone decides to invest, different options are available and individuals chose the most appropriate one based on their personal situations. Various factors will have impact on decision making for investment but the considered investment in this research will be investment in UK property or shares investment. According to (M. ball et al, 1998), basically, financial investment practice or theory is a kind of trade-off between risk and rewards and higher returns need higher risk, also investor will supposed to obtain returns after investing money. Mean variance criterion can be another definition of trade-off. Mean is related to the average returns and variance will give a range of possible returns and is measure of risk Purpose of investing is the most important objective of balancing investors needs and performance of investment. Obviously, requirement of different investors are varied but, purpose can be determined but some essential need or may have latitude enjoy by those whose wants are satisfied. Some investors might be able of precise destination, but mostly there will be high uncertainty. While wide range of investments is available, solving the issues of purpose is easier. whereas, difficulties will appear when full achievement is hardly possible. Investment in UK properties Beside of house falling price, investment in property market always has been considered as a secure saving money, because this kind of investment is lower risky than share or bonds. According to low interest rate, many people will be interested to buy property with buy-to-let mortgage and take advantage like making money from rental income and increasing property value. Therefore, this kind of investment can be better in terms of return compare to other kinds of investment. (Mintel, 2006). Securitization has enable real estate investment to be executed through an accepted industry sector of the global stock markets. This has debt (Commercial Mortgage-backed securities, or CMBS) and equity (Real Estate Investment Trust or REIT) formats, both of which grew rapidly in 1990-2007(Andrew Baum-2009) After providing rational facilities of mortgage pay-off by REIT and also offering desirable features that many of people had been looking for ideal property vehicle and moreover providing performance feature in liquid form, popularity of REIT has been grown and in the 1990s.consequently, REIT structure was sent to many parts of world and was introduced in UK since 2007.However basically, REIT is a company and in the long term returns of the investment have been just related to the direct property investment and volatility of investment in property company shares has been higher than direct property investing. But, instead has been countable correlated to equity market (Andrew Baum 2009) According to supply of property shares to grow requires growth in quantity of official property companies. In 2000, market pressure in UK was executing in different way as large discount to net asset value in share price made it more attractive for establishing property companies private and exploit property values in other ownership format whose performance is not related to the stock market. Unexpectedly, critical recovery has been accorded in 2002-2006 same as 2007-2009. (Andrew Baum 2009)